Cromwellian Land Confiscation

Changes in Land Ownership in the barony of Lune 1641 – c.1675

INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this paper is to examine how the land ownership of a barony in the western part of Meath changed during the turbulent period in the middle and latter half of the seventeenth century.

The barony of Lune is in the county of Meath and borders county Westmeath on its western side. To the east is the barony of Navan and to the north the barony of Kells. To the south is the town of Trim. The barony includes the civil parishes of Athboy, Kildalkey, Killaconigan and Rathmore. The Civil Survey also includes the parish of Moyagher but this is now included in the civil parish of Rathmore. The main town in the barony is the town of Athboy. In 1654 the lands were described as being for the most part good and profitable, being arable, meadow and pasture.[i]

The war in Ireland 1641 to 1652 resulted in land confiscations and the introduction of new owners. The war was an extremely confused affair with various armies in the field fighting for various causes: Catholic confederacy, Protestant settler, royalist and parliamentary. A number of landowners in Lune took part in the war, as did a number of the landowners who later received forfeited lands in Lune. Lune and its landowners were affected by this war and some of its actions were played out either in the barony or in the surrounding area. An alternative Catholic government was established by the Catholic confederacy at Kilkenny. This provisional government included prominent Catholic nobility, lawyers and merchants, a number with Lune connections.

Ireland was also a stage for part of the action in the English Civil War being fought out by the Parliament under Cromwell and the royalist forces under Charles I. The war came to a conclusion with the arrival of Cromwell which led to the confiscation of lands of the defeated Catholics.

This confiscation led to a major expulsion of Old English Catholic landowners who were replaced by New English and English landowners. This change in land ownership took place over a very short period of time, ‘in fact it took place almost entirely in the eight years between 1652 and 1660.’[ii] The Old English, the Catholic nobles descended from the Anglo-Norman settlers of the twelfth century were the principal landowners in the barony of Lune in 1641. Many of these were transplanted to Connacht. After Charles II was restored in 1660 many of the new owners had their lands confirmed while some of the forfeited lands were restored to the previous owners. A comparison between the owners 1641 and c. 1675 in the Books of Survey and Distribution[iii] shows the decline in ownership by Catholics and a huge increase in ownership by New English and English speculators.

1641 LANDHOLDERS

Table 1: 1641 LANDHOLDERS

Table 2: Landownership in Acreage[vii]

Table 3: Number of Landowners[viii]

The major landowner in the Barony of Lune in 1641 was Nicholas Preston, Lord Gormanston. All the other landowners were from Old English Catholic families which had been established in the county from as early as the twelfth century. All the names with the exception of Hill and Smyth are of Anglo-Norman origin. Smyth and Hill are owners of a nominal amount of land. Lune was in the almost complete ownership of the Old English families. Many of the landowners were connected or related through marriage. No Gaelic Irish owners are recorded.

Taking the figures from the Books of Survey and Distribution Catholics owned 92 % of the lands of Lune.

LAND FORFEITURE

Parliament passed the Act for the Settling of Ireland in August 1652.[ix] Anyone who was active in rebellion was to forfeit their lands and their life. The Earl of Roscommon, one of Lune’s landowners, was excluded from pardon under this act. All other landowners were to suffer partial loss of their lands but were to receive lands elsewhere in Ireland. The Old English, who were the major landowning category in Lune, were classed as Irish ‘papists’ under these Acts.

Two thirds of the barony of Lune was forfeited under the Act for the Settling of Ireland and many of its landowners were to be transplanted. Connacht was chosen as the place of transplantation by Parliament and all those convicted were to transplant themselves by May of 1654. The majority of the larger landowners are recorded as being transplanted. Those recorded on the Transplantation lists included: Luke Fitzgerald, Edward Sherlock, Robert Plunkett, Mathias Barnewall, Melchior Moore, Lucas Dillon and Walter Dowdall.

Table 4: Barony of Lune – Land Forfeiture (Acreage)[x]

Charles II was restored to the throne in 1660. Charles owed his restoration to the Commonwealth army and the maintenance of the Cromwellian settlement of Ireland was part of the bargain.[xi] Charles wanted to keep Ireland stable and so did not wish to dispossess existing owners.[xii]

Those who lost their lands under Cromwell sought to have it restored as they had been loyal to the Royalist cause. Charles II made a Declaration in 1660 restoring former owners to their lands. Luke Fitzgerald and Matthias Barnewall were two Lune landowners included in the Declaration. A Court of Claims was established in 1663 to hear cases from owners who wished to have their claims to lands recognised. A Second Court of Claims was held in 1665.

In a 1664 list, presented to the Viceroy, the Duke of Ormond, recommending restoration of lands, many names of former landowners in Lune appeared including: Edward Sherlock, Lucas Dillon, Thomas Browne and Garret Lynch.

None of these former landowners were restored when the Books of Survey and Distribution were compiled.

Their new owners had managed to gain power and influence within the Cromwellian system and after Restoration managed to continue their influence so the forfeiting landowners could not regain their lands without great difficulty.

The Old English society and power structure ceased to exist. Many had served in the Parliament and in legal and commercial fields and lost their political and economic influence. Charles II showed a weakness to defend their interests. There was a determination amongst the Protestant landowners of holding onto their newly acquired lands and the King rather than dispossessing them allowed the status quo to continue.

A number of previous landowners who were Catholic regained their property but not all landowners were restored to their lands. A favoured minority recovered their lands. Those who had a tenacity to fight through the system were restored to their lands. Many of the smaller landowners lost their lands and were without support, not able to claim back their original lands, which now often belonged to much larger landowners who had the support of the government. Many could not afford the cost of legal action to recover their lands.

Two of the new landowners holding Lune estates which had been forfeited were commissioners for executing the king’s declaration for settling Irish lands. These were Tichborne and Jones, who had a vested interest in maintaining the existing land ownership situation. Other members of the Commission were also landowners who had acquired estates which had been confiscated.

The Restoration land-settlement was a compromise which resulted in Catholics getting back about a third of what they had held when the war broke out. The figures for the barony of Lune agree with this as 31% of the land is recorded as being unforfeited or restored to the original owners.

LANDOWNERS WHOSE LANDS WERE FORFEITED

Sir Luke Fitzgerald held a castle at Ticroghan, near Clonard in southwest Meath and held 3092 acres of land in the barony of Lune. The castle at Ticroghan seems to have been substantial with earthwork defences.[xiii] In 1642 Sir Charles Coote and his army marched against Sir Luke Fitz Garrett and his castle and he refused to engage them even when they went within musket shot of his castle.[xiv] Luke Fitzgerald was outlawed in 1642.[xv] Ormond and the Confederate army camped at Ticroghan in August 1649 while Cromwell lay siege to Drogheda.[xvi]  The castle at Ticroghan was surrendered to Colonel Reynolds and Sir Theophilus Jones (Parliamentary forces) on June 16^th 1650 by its governor Sir Robert Talbot. Sir Luke’s wife took an active part in the defence of the castle being nicknamed, Colonel Mary.[xvii]

Sir Luke Fitzgerald was sentenced to be transplanted and was granted 2031 acres in the barony of Athenry; 2034 acres in the barony of Kilconnell and in the barony of Ross, all Co. Galway.[xviii] Charles II in his 1660 Declaration stated that George Fitzgerald of Ticroghane was to be restored to his estates.[xix] In 1661 Mary, widow of Sir Luke Fitzgerald, made a petition for the restoration of her husband’s lands. The Fitzgeralds could not get restored and pleaded for a pension or the quit rents of the estate.[xx] Mary Fitzgerald made a claim as joint owner of her lands with her husband in the Second Court of Claims in 1665.[xxi]

Edward Scurlock was outlawed in 1642-3.[xxii] Edward Sherlock (Scurlock) of Fraine was granted 371 acres in the barony of Clare, Co. Galway and 371 acres in the barony of Roscommon, Co. Roscommon in the transplantion of Connacht.[xxiii] ‘Edward Scurlog of the Fraine’ was recommended by Ormond to have 150 acres restored in 1664.[xxiv]

Robert Plunket of Rathmore, was a merchant in Dublin, his father, Thomas, had been lord mayor of Dublin in 1607.[xxv] Robert Plunkett was indicted for treason during the Trinity term of 1642 and declared an outlaw in 1643.[xxvi]

Cromwell is reputed to have occupied the Hill of Ward just outside the town of Athboy in 1649 and from there attacked and murdered the family of Plunkett of Rathmore and reduced the castle to ruins.[xxvii] Tradition has it that Cromwell took the towns of Trim and Athboy.[xxviii] Cromwell arrived in Ireland in August 1649 and quickly captured Drogheda, Wexford and Clonmel. When Drogheda was captured the garrison of Trim fled leaving their artillery behind.[xxix]  Cromwell was in Drogheda on September 12^th and back in Dublin by the 16September[xxx] which would have left him little time to capture Trim and Athboy as some writers suggest.[xxxi] Cromwell in his letter to Parliament dated 27 September records the taking of Drogheda, Trim and other towns but does not mention Athboy.[xxxii]

Plunkett was sentenced to be transplanted at Trim on 1 May 1655 but he tried to delay this and made an application in 15August 1654 saying that he had given information about several who were now in the Marshalsea and his safety would be endangered if he were sent to Connacht. He was dispensed to remain until 1 May 1655. [xxxiii] Plunkett was allocated lands in Roscommon barony, Co. Roscommon.[xxxiv]

In December 1660 a petition was made to the restored king that Robert Plunkett was always loyal, that he had adhered to the peace of 1648 and was expulsed from his land by the usurper Cromwell. By an order of 17 December 1660, the petition was referred to the Lord Chancellor, who on the strength of a report signed by the earl of Clancarty, Sir Nicholas Plunkett and Sir Richard Barnewall testifying to Plunkett’s loyalty, recommended that he be restored. On 19^th December the King made an order authorising the Lord Justices to restore Plunkett to his estate after making reprisals for Adventurers and soldiers.[xxxv] Brady (1962) says that there was nothing left to restore to Plunkett as the barony of Lune had been allotted to the Adventurers who ‘were trafficking among themselves’.[xxxvi]  Robert Plunkett died in 1661 and was buried in St. Audeons, Dublin. Angelo, Robert’s grandson, pursued the claim to the lands and was entered as an ‘innocent Papist’ at the Court of Claims in 12 March 1662 but his claim was never heard. In 1664 a list of nominees for restoration was furnished to Ormond which included Robert Plunkett of Rathmore, his grandson Angell Plunkett judged ‘Innocent’ and left to law for his title.[xxxvii]

A local tradition recorded in 1854 says that in 1649 Cromwell  put Robert Plunkett and his sons to death for the murder of five English soldiers in 1641.[xxxviii]

Laurence Leynes (Lynch) of Donore was outlawed in 1642.[xxxix] Garret Lynch of Donore was included in a 1664 list of nominees for restoration provided to Ormond [xl] as he had taken no further action after the cessation of 1643.[xli]

Gerald or Garrett Leynes (Lynch) of the Knock, Summerhill, held lands in the parish of Killaconnigan in Civil Survey,[xlii] was outlawed in 1642.[xliii] Gerard Leynes of Knock made a petition to have his lands restored in 1661. The Marquis of Ormond and Lords Moore and Kingston testified to his loyalty.[xliv] Gerald Lynch of the Knock was recommended by Ormond to have his lands of 1500 acres restored in 1664 as he had taken no active part after 1643 and had lived inoffensively at home from that date.[xlv] Carte MSS 44 recorded that two of his sons were killed in his Majesty’s service.[xlvi]

Mathias Barnwell, Lord Trimleston, bore a title which originated in 1461 when Robert Barnwall was made a baron. Matthias, born 1614, was the 8^th baron Trimleston, succeeding his grandfather who died in 1639.[xlvii] He married Jane Netterville, a daughter of Nicholas Netterville, 1^st Viscount and died in 1667. Lord Trimleston was one of the Old English lords of the Pale who met on the Hill of Tara in 1642 and then outlawed.[xlviii] He served as a Captain of Horse in the Confederate Army. Matthias was sentenced to be transplanted to Connacht in October 1653 but managed to delay it until 1655[xlix] and was granted 1462 acres belonging to the Frenchs of Monivea, Co. Galway.[l]

Charles II in his 1660 Declaration said that Trimleston was to be restored to his estates.[li] In 1663 Trimleston was to be restored.[lii] Again in 1664 Lord Trimleston was recommended to Ormond to have his estates restored.[liii] In the Act of Explanation Trimleston was to be restored to his principal seat and 2,000 adjacent acres. He regained Trimlestown and lands in Meath and Dublin after the Restoration.[liv] Matthias died at Monivea in 1667 and was buried in Kilconnel Abbey.

Robert’s successor was Mathias who held 353 acres in Lune in 1685[lv] obviously restored after the Books of Survey and Distribution were compiled. He is also listed as holding lands in Galway at that time. Robert died in 1692.

Sir Richard Blake of Galway held 782 acres in the barony of Lune. Blake took an active part in the Confederacy and had been a member of the Commons and Confederate assembly.[lvi]  Blake had close links with the Marquis of Clanricarde, the leading Catholic nobleman in Ireland. Richard Blake was the chairman of the Assembly when peace was agreed between the Confederacy and Ormond in 1649 at Kilkenny.[lvii] Blake was granted 10,393 acres in the parish of Kilreekill, Co. Galway as part of the local transplantation to make way for transplantees from Munster, Leinster and Ulster.[lviii] He was also granted other lands. Blake and others presented a petition from the former inhabitants of Galway and Limerick to the Privy Council in 1661, requesting that they be allowed to settle in their cities. [lix]

Michael Rochford of Carranstown held lands of 615 acres which were forfeited. Outlawed in 1642,[lx] Rochford was included in a 1664 list of nominees for restoration provided to Ormond and was to be restored to 150 acres as he had lived inoffensively after the cessation of 1643.[lxi]

The Townsland of 529 acres belonged to the corporation of Athboy. Athboy received Royal Charters in 1408, 1446, 1497 and 1612. The 1612 charter, granted by James I, on surrender of the corporation property, a charter of inspection and confirmation was granted. The commons and landed property granted by the Charter of James I was estimated at 800 acres.[lxii] These lands became the property of Thomas Bligh before the end of the seventeenth century.

Melchior Moore of Grenanstown was a Member of Parliament for Athboy in the Parliament of 1613.[lxiii] Moore was sentenced to be transplanted and was granted 460 acres in the barony of Dunkellin, Co. Galway. [lxiv] Michael Moore of Grennanstown was recommended for restoration of 200 acres by Ormond in 1664 as he had taken no further part in the conflict after the cessation of 1643.[lxv]

Lucas Dillon of Balledromme held 312 acres in 1641.  On 7 October 1647 Colonel Jones and his army billeted at Balledromme before taking Athboy.[lxvi] Lucas Dillon was sentenced to be transplanted and was granted 300 acres in the barony of Roscommon, Co. Roscommon.[lxvii] Lucas Dillon was included in a 1664 list of nominees for restoration provided to Ormond.[lxviii] He had lived inoffensively at home since the cessation of 1643 and it was recommended that he be restored to 190 acres.[lxix]

Walter Dowdall of Athboy was member of Parliament for the borough of Athboy in the parliament of 1639. He held 710 acres in Meath jointly with Lucas Fitzgerald and others and 95 acres on his own.[lxx] He petitioned against his transplantation in September 1654; consideration of the petition was deferred to the following March. [lxxi]

Richard Browne of Athboy was a burgess named on the new Charter for Athboy in 1608. Browne, a member of Parliament for the Borough of Athboy in the parliaments of 1634 and 1639, was outlawed in November 1642.[lxxii]

Thomas Browne of Athboy was recommended to Ormond in 1664 to be restored to his lands.[lxxiii] Thomas Browne had lived peacefully since 1643 and had taken no further part in the conflicts during the 1640s.[lxxiv]

Sir William Hill was active with Gormanstown in trying to restrain the Rebellion of 1641.[lxxv] Hill was outlawed in 1642.[lxxvi] Sir William Hill of Ballybegg is one of the Meath landowners dispossessed of their lands and was recommended to Ormond in 1664 to be restored to his lands.[lxxvii]

James White of Clongill was outlawed in 1642.[lxxviii] Robert Rochford of Cloonikinan, Michael Casey of Athboy, Dillon of Killeeke, James Gylagh of Athboy and Nugent of Triferman all forfeited their property in the barony of Lune.

Nicholas Plunkett of Balrath was the third son of Christopher Plunkett, Lord Killeen and Jane Dillon, sister of the earl of Roscommon.[lxxix] Nicholas Plunkett of Balrath was Member of Parliament for Meath in the parliament of 1634-5 and 1640. [lxxx] Educated at Gray’s Inns, London from 1622 he was admitted to the King’s Inns in 1628.[lxxxi] Nicholas Plunkett of Balrath is listed as owning an abbey in the town of Athboy in the Civil Survey.[lxxxii]  Plunkett was outlawed in 1642.[lxxxiii] He played a central role in the Confederate Assembly in Kilkenny being elected as chairman at the first general Assembly.[lxxxiv] Plunkett’s lands were declared forfeit and he was transplanted to Galway.[lxxxv] In November 1663 he was declared an innocent papist. He became the legal representative of the dispossessed Irish Catholic landowners at the court of Charles II.[lxxxvi]  He died in 1680 and is buried at Killeen.[lxxxvii]

LANDOWNERS WHO RETAINED THEIR LANDS

Four major land-owning families and one smaller landowner managed to hold onto or recover their lands after the Cromwellian confiscations. The major landowners, the Prestons, managed to have their lands restored despite their activities on the Catholic side in the 1640s. The Dillons were restored to their lands having undergone a change of religion but maintaining their loyalty to the Crown. The Aylmers were closely related to the Viceroy of Ireland, the Duke of Ormond. The Nugents and Nangles appear to have taken little part in activities in the 1640s.

The title, Viscount Gormanston, was created in 1478 and is the oldest such title in Ireland and Britain. Nicholas Preston, Viscount Gormanston, and others offered to suppress the rising of 1641. Government inaction led to Preston attending a meeting of the gentry of Meath at the Hill of Crufty in 3 December 1641. Rory O’Moore declared that the Irish rebels had the support of the King and that the Irish and Old English were under threat from the New English. The Old English decided to support the Irish rebels.[lxxxviii] Lord Gormanston was outlawed in 1642 and 1643.[lxxxix]

Lord Gormanston’s brother, Thomas, was a leader of one of the armies in rebellion, having returned from serving on the Continent to take part in the rebellion.

Viscount Gormanston died in July 1643 and this sidelined the nobility of the Pale from the Confederacy.[xc]

Jenico Preston, son of Nicholas, Lord Gormanston made a petition to the restored King in October 1660 seeking the recovery of his lands.[xci] Jenico Preston was recommended by Ormond to have his estates restored in 1664 as he had lived ‘inoffensively’[xcii] and had been named by Charles II in his 1660 Declaration and Act of Settlement as ‘specially meritting on suffering’.[xciii] Lord Gormanston was granted a decree of innocence on 1 June 1663 and decreed that he be restored to 6296 acres.[xciv]

Lord Gormanston forcibly repossessed his castle at Gormanstown on 30 April 1662.[xcv] Several people were killed in the assault. Gormanston was granted a decree of innocence and the Court of Claims upheld his rights to the lands against Charles Coote’s widow and new husband and the widow of Sir Thomas Lucas who was paid a sum of £1,500.[xcvi] Lord Gormanston was restored under a proviso in the Act of Explanation but the heirs to the earl of Mountrath (Coote) had to be reprised with lands of equal size and quality.[xcvii] Sir Charles Coote had been active on the Government side in the 1641-52 war taking the nearby town of Trim in May 1642.[xcviii] Coote was killed a few days later and his son, Charles, continued supporting the government being granted lands under Cromwell and retaining those lands after the restoration. The Cootes had managed to secure possession of the Gormanston lands but were being disputed by a Mrs. Lucas, whose husband had been granted the lands.[xcix]

 In 1665 Gormanston was claiming quit rents from the new settlers in Athboy. Included in the list are Thomas Tooley, Samuel Warner, Richard Cullmer, Sir Henry Tichborne and Major (sic.)  John Bligh.[c] In 1667 Gormanston disposed of some of his lands in Athboy to Sir Daniel Bellinham only to attempt to recover them in 1687.[ci]

Lord Gormanston was heard in the second Court of Claims on 10 April 1666. The widow of Charles Coote and her son, Richard Coote, appeared as defendants. The Court ruled that Lord Gormanston’s title would be confirmed only if reprisals were first allotted to the defendants. Gormanston’s advocates seem not to have been skilled in putting forward his case.[cii] In a petition in 1667 Gormanston pleaded to the king that he had been forced to sell some of his estate and he could not pay the Cootes the profits from the manor.[ciii] In November 1668 the king wrote to the Commissioners of Settlement raising Gormanston’s case and saying that Gormanston alleged nothing had been done to restore his lands.[civ] In 1668 Gormanston made another appearance at the Court of Claims and in 1669 Gormanston was issued with letters patent for his former estate.[cv] Gormanston managed to recover most of his lands.[cvi]

Sir James Dillon of Moymet, was created Baron of Kilkenny West in January 1619  and Earl of Roscommon in 1622. In 1605-6 he was committed to Dublin castle for seeking better treatment of the Catholic nobility of the Pale.[cvii] The Earl of Roscommon was one of the King’s commissioners who received the remonstrance of the grievances presented to His Majesty on behalf of the Catholics of Ireland on 17 March 1642. Sir James died in March 1642. Robert, his eldest son, succeeded but died in August 1642 to be succeeded by James Dillon, 3^rd Earl of Roscommon who had been raised as a Protestant in England. Married to Elizabeth, daughter of Sir William Wentworth, Bart. of Woodhouse, Yorkshire, this established a connection with Thomas Wentworth, earl of Stafford and former Lord Deputy of Ireland.  James died in Limerick in October 1649.[cviii] An Act for the Settling of Ireland in 1652 excepted James Dillon Earl of Roscommon from pardon for life and estate. His son, Wentworth Dillon, 4^th Earl of Roscommon, succeeding to the title in 1649. Dillon was an ardent royalist and spent the 1650s on the continent.[cix] An Act of Parliament restoring him all his honours, castles, lordships, lands, and property in the possession of his great-grandfather, grandfather or father on 23 October 1641 was read a first time in the English House of Lords on 18 August 1660, and received the royal assent on 29 December. He was restored to his family honours and lands by the Restoration Act of Settlement.[cx] Wentworth died in 1685 and was buried in Westminister Abbey.

Thomas Nugent was created a Baronet in 1621. The Nugents of Moyrath were a branch of the Nugents of Delvin, a family established there in the 1170s when they were granted the barony by Hugh de Lacy. Thomas Nugent, married to Alison Barnewell of Robertstown, was outlawed in 1642.[cxi]  Sir Thomas Nugent, held Moyrath Castle, which was occupied by Rebels in October 1649 – Colonel Jones caused them to leave the castle.[cxii] In the articles of Kilkenny 1652 and 1653 he was permitted to enjoy, till further order, so much of Dardistown and Moyrath, as were not let or disposed of to any persons. He was succeeded by his second son, Robert, who lived at the ancestral home at Taghmon, Co. Westmeath. He was declared innocent of rebellion and in 1662 restored to the estate. In the Second Court of Claims in 1665 Sir Thomas Nugent, Dame Allison, his wife and Robert Nugent sought to have their lands in Westmeath and Roscommon confirmed.[cxiii]  Robert married Thomasine Eure of Ballyardon and died in 1675.

Josaline Nangle of Kildalkeywas attained in 1642 and died in 1657.[cxiv] The Nangles were an Anglo-Norman family who had arrived in Meath with Hugh de Lacy, becoming barons of Navan. Josaline was given a degree of Innocence.[cxv] Walter Nangle was given a decree of innocence at the Court of Claims on 1 June 1663 and decreed 568 acres.[cxvi] Walter Nangle of Kildalkey became High Sheriff for  Co. Meath in 1663 and M.P. for Trim in 1689. As a captain in James II Regiment of Guards Walter Nangle forfeited 668 acres in Meath under William III’s confiscations.[cxvii]

The Aylmers were an Old English family with branches in Meath, Dublin and Kildare. Sir Andrew Aylmer, second Baron of Donadea, Irish Papist, is listed as owning one quarter of a ploughland in Kilaconigan townland in 1640.[cxviii] Andrew married Elinor Butler, sister of James, the Duke of Ormond.[cxix] While Andrew was imprisoned in the 1640s, his wife, Elinor, defended the castle at Donadea against the attack of her brother, Ormond.[cxx] Donadea was confiscated. Andrew petitioned the King for the restoration of his lands in 1660.[cxxi] The lands were restored to Andrew in 1662 through the Act of Settlement.[cxxii] Andrew and Elinor’s son, Gerald, served Charles on the Continent and his service was recognised in the Declaration of 1660 and he was to be restored to his former estate.[cxxiii] Aylmer’s relationship with Ormond who was Viceroy may have assisted him in recovering his estates.[cxxiv]

William Smith, Protestant Clerk, of Athboy is listed in the Civil Survey as holding five tenements in the town of Athboy and this holding remained in the hands of the family.[cxxv]

NEW LANDOWNERS AFTER THE RESTORATION

MAJOR LANDOWNERS IN C. 1675[cxxvi]

Table 5: LANDOWNERS IN c. 1675

Table 6: Landownership in the Barony of Lune c. 1675[cxxvii]

Table 7: Landownership in the Barony of Lune c. 1675[cxxviii]

Figure 4: Pie chart: Landownership in the Barony of Lune c. 1675

Figure 5: Pie chart: Landownership in the Barony of Lune c. 1675

NEW LANDOWNERS AFTER THE RESTORATION

The new landowners were Protestant and of English origin. The first category was the New English who had been in Ireland before 1641 such as William Tichborne and Theophilius Jones. The second category were the Adventurers or their Agents such as John Bligh who might also be regarded as a speculators whose  primary motivation was the accumulation of lands. The majority of those who invested under the Adventurer’s Act were purchased by larger speculators.

In May 1642 the English parliament passed the Adventurers Act – an act confiscating Ireland’s lands in order to pay for the war in Ireland.[cxxix] Adventurers put forward funding as a speculative venture but there was also a religious and emotional element. A number were also inspired by a colonial motive.[cxxx] London residents provided a little more than half the number of subscribers and funds.[cxxxi] This scheme could be seen as a successor to the Plantation of Londonderry[cxxxii] and this may be the reason John Bligh, a Salter, became involved.

Theophilus Jones was one of four Commissioners appointed to carry out the Cromwellian Settlement in June 1653.[cxxxiii]

The Adventurers were allocated ten counties between them, to be divided up by lottery. County Meath was allocated to the Adventurers and the debt allocated was £55,000 with 91, 666 acres necessary to service this debt. Agents of Adventurers, pre-1641 Protestants and Army officers bought up the debentures from the soldiers or other Adventurers. Writing about one of the benefactors from this land grab in 1959 E. Wingfield-Stratford said  ‘In short this Irish land racket was one of the most gigantic on all record’.[cxxxiv]

A lottery was held in Grocer’s Hall, London, on 20July 1653 to allocate lands to the Adventurers.[cxxxv]

In the lottery for Lune the following were allocated lands:

‘In the North-East Quarter :- James Levet, Charles Potts, Robert Moulsworth, George Clarke and Thos. Vincent.

In the South-East :- Henry Parsons and Samuel Warner.

In the South-West :- (1) S. , Josias Hunt and Thos. Cooke; (2) Between N. and S., Lady Lucas, Francis Willoughby, James Kendall, and Nicholas Brandon; (3) N., Samuel Warner.

In the North –West :-  (1) N.E., Richard Culmer, Sir Henry Tichborne, Robert Gardner, John Pye, and Wm. Bunston; (2) S.E., James Knowles, John Kingston, John Child, and George Wyan – assigned to Francis Bigg and John Kilby; (3) S.W.) Richard Beaumont, Isaac Gold, his wife and children; Will Eccleston’s children; Will Marshall; (4) N.W.) Thomas Towley and Thos Stratton.’[cxxxvi]

Twenty eight people are named in this lottery, yet only five of those named or their relatives are listed in the Books of Survey and Distribution as holding lands in the post Restoration period. It would appear that the remaining twenty-three grantees sold their interest to other Adventurers or speculators. There seems to have been quite an amount of sale and trading of lots in the Barony of Lune.

The land had to be surveyed to see how much property were available for confiscation. There were three land surveys: the Gross Survey, the Civil Survey and the Down Survey.

The new landowners managed to obtain their holdings from 1654 onwards and were secure in their property by 1660. Having received the lands under Cromwell many were apprehensive about the Restoration of Charles II but emerged as supporters of the return of the king. Theophilus Jones was one of a group of officers who seized Dublin Castle[cxxxvii] and Charles II was invited to take the throne in Ireland.

The difficulties regarding land was brought to the King’s attention by many landowners seeking to be restored to their former estates. In November 1660 Charles issued his ‘Gracious Declaration for the settlement of Ireland.’ He confirmed the Adventurers in all the lands in their possession on 7 May 1659.

The 1662 Act of Settlement established the legal basis for the Declaration to be put into effect. A Court of Claims was established whereby Catholic could prove their innocence. The seven commissioners to the Court of Claims appointed were English-born.[cxxxviii] There was widespread resistance to the work of the court by the new landowners.[cxxxix] The King nominated a number of Catholic landowners to be restored to their lands. The Court of Claim was very slow and only heard a small number of claims. Catholics who had served the King abroad were to recover their estates.

Under the 1665 Act of Explanation Adventurers and soldiers were to give up one third of their grants to be used to provide for restored landowners. A second Court of Claims was established.

The major benefactor of the Cromwellian confiscation and restoration settlement was the brother of the new king, James Stuart, Duke of York. Twelve thousand acres were given to James as a private estate.[cxl] The Act of Settlement granted the lands of regicides to James Duke of York but he was also allocated additional lands. James was confirmed in his lands in Lune by letters patent in 1669.[cxli]  The lands in Lune belonging to James were purchased by Thomas Bligh after the Battle of the Boyne.

SirWilliam Tichborne was the son of Sir Henry Tichborne and his wife, Jane Newcomen. Henry was the son of Sir Benjamin Tichborne of Tichborne in Hampshire. Henry served in Ireland as a captain of foot in 1620 and was appointed governor of Lifford. Appointed to commissions to investigate the plantations in Ulster he built up extensive Irish estates particularly in Tyrone and in 1634 he represented that county in Parliament.

Henry was appointed governor of Drogheda after the outbreak of the 1641 rebellion. The town was placed under siege by O’ Neill and northern forces and after a long blockade was relieved by Ormond. On March 31 1643 Sir Henry Tichborne was appointed Lord Justice by Charles I. Sir Henry Tichborne pursued the rebel army and sacked Dundalk and Newry in May 1642.[cxlii] Summoned by Charles to Oxford in 1644 Tichborne was requested to advise the king on peace plans with the Confederate Irish. In 1645 Tichborne was imprisoned in the Tower of London for a brief time after being captured by the Parliamentarians.

Tichborne returned to his post at Drogheda. In July 1647 Sir Henry marched towards Drogheda, the Irish rebels attacked and he was injured by shot in the belly. His son was slain in the encounter[cxliii].

Distrusted by the Cromwellians he fought a campaign to secure compensation for his service.  Cromwell awarded him the lands of Beaulieu, Co. Louth as a tenant of the state. Sir Henry purchased land rights from Adventurers in Leinster and Ulster. In 1654 he purchased the Lune lot of Michael Meysey of Surrey.[cxliv]

Sir Henry Tichborne was appointed Marshall of the army in Ireland on 31 July 1660 and to the Commission for putting into execution Charles II’s declaration on 19 March 1660-61.[cxlv] Tichborne was appointed to the Privy Council in December 1660.[cxlvi] In 1665 at the Second Court of Claims William Tichborne sought to have his lands in Louth, Meath and Dublin confirmed.[cxlvii] Henry began the erection of Beaulieu House[cxlviii] and died there in 1667 being was buried in St. Mary’s Church, Drogheda.

Sir William Tichborne, succeeded to his father estates. Sir William died in 1694 with his, Henry Tichborne, becoming the first Baron Ferrard of Beaulieu.[cxlix]

William Thompson invested £50 as an Adventurer but may have purchased other  lands.[cl] In the Second Court of Claims in 1665 Sir William Thompson, Adventurer,  sought to have his lands confirmed.[cli] Sir William Thompson was confirmed in 1666 acres in Lune by patent in 1667.[clii]

John Founteyne was a soldier of the Parliamentary Army. Investing £300 as an Adventurer he received lands in Meath and Wexford. [cliii] In the Second Court of Claims in 1665 he sought to have his lands in Meath as a soldier confirmed.[cliv] In the Patent rolls John Fountayne is confirmed in his lands in Lune in 1667.[clv]

Thomas Tooley, of Boston, Lincolnshire,[clvi] was a soldier of the Commonwealth Parliamentary Army and received lands in Meath.[clvii] Thomas Twoley is recorded as investing £450 as an Adventurer and being granted 750 acres in the barony of Lune.[clviii] In the Second Court of Claims in 1665 Tooley sought to have his lands in Meath confirmed.[clix] In the Patent rolls of 1666 Thomas Tooley was confirmed with the castle and cabins at Grennanstown and other lands to a total of 651 acres.[clx]

Nathaniel Hunt may be a relative of Joseph Hunt who invested £450 as an Adventurer and received 750 acres in the barony of Lune.[clxi] Nathaniel Hunt, Adventurer, made a claim to his lands in Meath in 1665 at the Second Court of Claims.[clxii] Nathaniel Hunt was granted letters patent to his lands in Donower in the barony of Lune.[clxiii]

Thomas Bligh was son of John Bligh, who was a member of the company of Salters of London and a linen draper.[clxiv] He became an agent for the Adventurers and even contributed £600 himself. On 26 April 1654 Thockmorton Trotman sold his lot in Irish land to John Bligh for a sum of £212 10s.[clxv] Robert Moulsworth, merchant of Dublin, assigned part of his grant in the barony of Morgallion to John Bligh on 16 May 1654.[clxvi] Moulsworth was purchasing lots from Adventurers[clxvii]and was also an Adventurer himself, having invested £1500 and being allocated 1000 acres in Lune in addition to lands in the barony of Morgallion, Meath county.[clxviii] George Clarke of London was also purchasing lots in Lune.[clxix] It would appear that Bligh, together with Robert Moulsworth and George Clarke, purchased lands from Adventurers in the barony of Lune.[clxx] In the Second Court of Claims in 1665 the guardians of Robert Mouldsworth made a claim to lands in Meath as an Adventurer.[clxxi] In the Patent Rolls of 1668 property at Rathmore and Athboy are confirmed to a number of people holding shares in the lands including: Sir William Tichborne and his wife, Judith, Robert Mouldsworth, John Upton and his wife, Ursula, the widow of George Clerke of London and their children John and Nicholas Clerke and Thomas Bligh.[clxxii]

In 1654 Bligh acquired his lands in Meath by Deed of Chancery of 16 June 1654.[clxxiii] On 29 August 1654 John Bligh, assigned his share of Morgallion to Robert Mowlsworth.[clxxiv] John Bligh married Catherine Fuller, daughter of a London merchant about 1653. E. Wingfield-Stratford (1959) suggests that the dowry from Catherine Fuller enabled Bligh to purchase further lands in Meath.[clxxv] The average holding of the settler- Adventurers was a little less than 700 Irish acres.[clxxvi] Bligh invested £600 in the Adventurer’s scheme and received 1000 acres in the barony of Morgallion (near Nobber).[clxxvii] Part of the barony of Lune was ascertained by a decree in Chancery on 16 June 1657.[clxxviii] John Bligh was member of Parliament for Athboy in 1661.[clxxix] In 1663 John Bligh was a member of a commission to examine, state and audit the arrears of the custom and excise, of tonnage, poundage, and new impost from 1648 to 1663 and in 1665 he was made joint commissioner of the office of inland excise and licences of all beer and strong waters of Ireland.[clxxx]  He died in 1666 and his son Thomas appears to have bought out the other grantees to the lands in Lune.

Thomas was confirmed by patent in the possession of his father’s lands in 1668.[clxxxi] Thomas Bligh was appointed Privy Councillor of Ireland under Ormond. In 1682 Thomas married Elizabeth Naper, daughter of Colonel James Naper of Loughcrew in nearby Oldcastle.

Peter Westenra, M.P. for Athboy 1692, was agent for Thomas Bligh and his brother-in-law.[clxxxii] Peter Westerna received lands in Ardee and the Barony of Kells.[clxxxiii]  Thomas Bligh bought a large part of King James’s estate in the barony of Lune after the battle of the Boyne.[clxxxiv] Thomas obtained a patent from William and Mary in 1694 granting him the townlands and commons of Athboy, together with several denominations of land in the parishes of Rathmore, Moyaugher and Kildalkey, all in the barony of Lune and county of Meath, were erected into a manor.[clxxxv] Thomas died at Bath in 1710 and was buried in the churchyard in Trim.[clxxxvi]

Thomas’s son, John,  married the first cousin of Queen Anne in 1713.[clxxxvii] John was created Baron Clifton of Rathmore in 1722, Viscount Darnley of Athboy in 1723 and in 1725 he was created Earl of Darnley. [clxxxviii]

John Preston was elected Alderman in Dublin Corporation in 1650 and served as Lord Mayor of Dublin in 1653-4.[clxxxix]  John Preston was Member of Parliament for Navan in 1661[cxc] John Preston was confirmed with 7859 acres in Meath and Queen’s County including lands in Lune in 1666.[cxci]

SirWilliam Bunston invested £25 as an Adventurer and received 41acres in return.[cxcii] In the Patent Rolls of 1667 Bunston and John Vye are confirmed in lands at Frame.[cxciii]

Trinity College Dublin was granted lands in the barony of Lune. Trinity College had received lands under the plantation of Ulster. The influence of Henry Jones who had been vice–chancellor of the University was a possible reason for Trinity receiving lands in Lune. Thomas Steele, Provost of Trinity College was confirmed in lands in Lune by letter patent in 1669.[cxciv]

Tobias Freer may be a relative of John Frye who is recorded as investing £200 as an Adventurer and receiving 333 acres in the barony of Lune. Tobias Freer may be the Tobias Frere who received 5000 acres in County Down or a relative.[cxcv] Tobias Frere of Harleston was a Member of Parliament for Norfolk City in the Cromwellian Parliament of 1653-4. Tobias Frere died on 6 Feb 1655/56. Tobias’s son Richard predeceased him in 1648. Richard’s brother, Tobias Freer, was the guardian of his sons, Thomas and Tobias. Captain Tobias Frere is listed as being the planter of 400 acres in the Barbados in 1673.[cxcvi] Tobias Freere was confirmed with 111 acres in Lune by letter patent in 1669.[cxcvii]

John Gould is recorded as investing £262 as an Adventurer and receiving 436 acres in the barony of Lune.[cxcviii] In the Second Court of Claims in 1665 John Gould, Adventurer and on behalf of the rest of the children of Isaac Gould, sought confirmation of his lands in Meath.[cxcix] Gould was confirmed in his lands by patent in  1668.[cc]

Sir Theophilus Jones, was son of Lewis Jones, bishop of Killaloe, a brother of Colonel Michael Jones, one of the parliamentary leaders and Henry Jones, Bishop of Meath. His father had moved to Ireland by 1606.

Theophilius served in the parliamentary forces in Ulster,[cci] was the commander of the garrison of Kells in 1646. Theophilius served with Cromwell[ccii] and became governor of Drogheda when it was taken in 1649. He was involved in the siege of Clonmel.[cciii] He accepted the surrender of the last garrison to fall in 1653. Jones received the forfeited estate of the Sarsfields in Lucan but he had difficult in retaining it against the claims of the Sarsfield family.  Jones was one of the signatories inviting Charles II to come to Ireland and was one of the commissioners who went to negotiate with the King in May 1660. In Decmber 1660 Jones was appointed to the Privy Council.[cciv] In February 1661 Jones was appointed Scoutmaster-General of Ireland.[ccv] Sir Theophilus Jones of Osberstown, Naas, Co. Kildare, was Member of Parliament for Meath in 1661.[ccvi] On 21 January 1661 he was confirmed in all lands ‘settled or intended to be settled’ upon him, ‘by gift, grant or order of any power or usurped power’.[ccvii] Jones, was one of only twenty-two individuals, exempted from giving back one third of his lands under the Act of Explanation. Jones died in on 2 January 1685 and was buried at Naas.[ccviii] In the Patent Rolls Theophilius Jones was confirmed in his lands in Lune and further lands amounting to 7,002 acres.[ccix]

His brother, Michael Jones, had forced Preston to raise the siege of Trim in 1647[ccx] and defeated Preston at the Battle of Dungan’s Hill, near Trim on 8 August 1647. Colonel Michael Jones defeated Ormond at Rathmines on August 2 1649 and died at Dungarvan in December 1649 while on campaign with Cromwell.

Their brother, Henry Jones, maintained his loyalty to the crown during the 1640s and was appointed vice-chancellor of Dublin University (Trinity College) in 1646. He was involved in the collection of depositions in 1653 from those who had suffered in the 1641 rebellion. In 1661 Henry Jones became Bishop of Meath.

Nathaniel Vincent was in possession of 464 acres according to the Books of Survey and Distribution. Nathaniel Vincent was the son and heir of Thomas Vincent who invested £11525 as an Adventurer and receiving 19044 acres in Ireland including 5915 in the barony of Lune.[ccxi] Thomas Vincent was on a Committee for the Affairs of Ireland in the House of Commons in 1647 and for supplying the Forces in Ireland with Provisions and Clothes.[ccxii] Thomas Vincent lived at Irishtown Castle, Co. Dublin. Vincent was an Alderman of Dublin and Member of Parliament for the Borough of Monaghan in the Restoration Parliament. In the Second Court of Claims in 1665 Thomas and Nathaniel Vincent sought the confirmation of their lands.[ccxiii] Thomas Vincent died in 1666 at Irishtown castle, Palmerston, Co. Dublin. Nathaniel Vincent was granted letters patent for lands in Meath in 1667.[ccxiv]

Robert Thompson, Adventurer, petitioned the Second Court of Claims in 1665 to have his lands in Meath confirmed.[ccxv] Robert was confirmed by patent to lands in Lune in 1674.[ccxvi] Samuel Bull was confirmed in his lands in Lune by Patent in 1669.[ccxvii] He was also confirmed in other lands in Meath, Kildare, Galway and Fermanagh.

William Brett and Sir George Rawden were confirmed in lands in Athboy in 1667.[ccxviii]

CONCLUSION

Table 8: Comparison of Land ownership 1641 and c. 1675.

The Old English Catholic order was replaced with a new Protestant English land-owning system. The Old English lost their political, social and economic influence and so faced difficulties in seeking the restoration of their lands.

Families adopted various survivalist strategies to retain their lands, some owners having to make a concerted fight to dislodge other claimants but the majority of the smaller owners were unable to sustain a legal challenge in a system which was biased against them. The majority of the smaller Catholic landowners were removed by the process, their lands being amalgamated into larger holdings by new Protestant owners.

The main benefactors in the barony of Lune were the Adventurers and the English who had been in Ireland before 1641. The land settlement marked the end of the Old English Catholic ascendancy who had been in power since the Anglo-Norman invasion, thereby creating the seeds of a new Protestant Ascendancy. The confiscations of the Williamite period further consolidated this process of land transfer to larger Protestant landowners.

[i] R. C. Simington, The Civil Survey A.D. 1644-1656 County of  Meath (Dublin,1940)  p. 198

[ii] K.S. Bottigheimer, English Money and Irish Land – The ‘Adventurers’ in the Cromwellian Settlement of Ireland. (Oxford, 1971) p. 3.

[iii] Books of Survey and Distribution Meath County Lune Barony National Archives of Ireland, Dublin. (Quit Rents Copy)

[iv] P.J. Corish ‘The Cromwellian Regime, 1650-60’ in T.W. Moody, F.X. Martin and F.J. Byrne A New History of Ireland III Early Modern Ireland 1534-1691 (Oxford, 1976) p. 358.

[v] Books of Survey and Distribution Meath County Lune Barony National Archives of Ireland, Dublin. (Quit Rents Copy)

[vi] R. C. Simington, The Civil Survey A.D. 1644-1656 County of  Meath (Dublin,1940) 

[vii] Books of Survey and Distribution Meath County Lune Barony National Archives of Ireland, Dublin. (Quit Rents Copy)

[viii] Books of Survey and Distribution Meath County Lune Barony National Archives of Ireland, Dublin. (Quit Rents Copy)

[ix] C.H. Firth and R.S. Rait (eds) Acts and Ordinances of the Interregnum Vol. II (1911) pp. 598-603.

[x] Books of Survey and Distribution Meath County Lune Barony National Archives of Ireland, Dublin. (Quit Rents Copy)

[xi] J. P. Prendergast, Ireland from the Restoration to the Revolution 1660-1690 (London 1887) p. 15

[xii] B. Fitzpatrick, Seventeenth Century Ireland – The War of Religions. (Dublin, 1988) p. 224.

[xiii] P. Lenihan, Confederate Catholics at War 1641-49 (Cork, 2001)  p. 162.

[xiv] Anon., Admirable, Good, True and Joyfull Newes from Ireland. Being an exact Relation of the last weekes passages in Ireland dated from Dublin May the 8. 1642 (London, 1642)   pp. 1-3

[xv] R.C. Simington and J. MacLellan (eds.), ‘Oireachtas Library, List of Outlaws, 1641-1647’ in Analecta Hibernica No. 23 (Dublin, 1966)  p. 356.

[xvi] T. Reilly, Cromwell an Honourable Enemy (Dingle, 1999)  p. 53.

[xvii] D. Murphy, Cromwell in Ireland (Dublin, 1902) p. 117 n. 6.

[xviii] R.C. Simington, The Transplantation to Connacht 1654-58 (Dublin, 1970)  pp. 64, 124,173.

[xix] J. O’Harte,  The Irish and Anglo-Irish Landed Gentry when Cromwell came to Ireland (Dublin, 1884)  p. 427.

[xx] Cal. S. P. I. 1660-1662 p. 240.

[xxi] ‘A Catalogue of the reports and schedules addressed to the Second Court of Claims’, in Irish Record Commission Report viii (Dublin, 1819) p. 267.

[xxii] R.C. Simington and J. MacLellan (eds.), ‘Oireachtas Library, List of Outlaws, 1641-1647’ in Analecta Hibernica No. 23 (Dublin, 1966) p. 359.

[xxiii] R.C. Simington,  The Transplantation to Connacht 1654-58 (Dublin, 1970)  pp. 86, 271.

[xxiv] ‘Qualifications of Lists furnished by Ormond whence to select nominees’. in ‘The Dispossed Landowners of Ireland, 1664’ in The Irish Genealogist Vol 4 no. 4 (1971)  p. 277.

[xxv] J. Brady, ‘Robert Plunkett of Rathmore’ in Riocht na Midhe Vol. II, No. 4 (1962) p. 18.

[xxvi] R.C. Simington and J. MacLellan (eds.) ‘Oireachtas Library, List of Outlaws, 1641-1647’ in Analecta Hibernica No. 23 (Dublin, 1966) p. 358.

[xxvii] D. Ó Meachair,  A Short History of County Meath (An Uaimh (Navan), (n.d. c.1928). p. 65; A. Cogan History of the Diocese of Meath (Dublin, 1862)  vol. I,  p. 161.

[xxviii] D. Murphy, Cromwell in Ireland (Dublin, 1902) pp. 115-118.

[xxix] T. Reilly, Cromwell an Honourable Enemy (Dingle, 1999)  p. 83.

[xxx] T. Reilly, Cromwell an Honourable Enemy (Dingle, 1999)  p. 83.

[xxxi] S. Duffy (ed.), Atlas of Irish History (Dublin, 1997)  p.67.

[xxxii] T. Reilly, Cromwell an Honourable Enemy (Dingle, 1999)  p. 96.

[xxxiii] Prendergast Mss.II.334 and T.C.D. Ms. F3. 18. Both quoted in J. Brady  ‘Robert Plunkett of Rathmore’ in Riocht na Midhe Vol. II, No. 4 (1962) p. 19.

[xxxiv] R.C. Simington, The Transplantation to Connacht 1654-58 (Dublin, 1970) p. 271.

[xxxv] Cal. S. P. I. 1660-1662 p. 143.

[xxxvi] J. Brady, ‘Robert Plunked of Rathmore’ in Riocht an Midhe Vol. II, No. 4 (1962) p. 19.

[xxxvii] ‘The Dispossessed Landowners of Ireland, 1664’ (Bodleian Library, Carte MSS 44); ‘Qualifications of Lists furnished by Ormond whence to select nominees’  in ‘The Dispossessed Landowners of Ireland, 1664’ in The Irish Genealogist Vol. 4 no. 4 (1971)  p. 279.

[xxxviii] M.E.M. ‘Rathmore and its traditions’ in The Dublin University Magazine (Dublin, 1854). Reprinted as a pamphlet 1880, Trim.

[xxxix] R.C. Simington and J. MacLellan (eds.), ‘Oireachtas Library, List of Outlaws, 1641-1647’ in Analecta Hibernica No. 23 (1966) Dublin. p. 357.

[xl] ‘Qualifications of Lists furnished by Ormond whence to select nominees’ in ‘The Dispossessed Landowners of Ireland, 1664’ in The Irish Genealogist Vol. 4 no. 4 (1971)  p. 279.

[xli] ‘The Dispossessed Landowners of Ireland, 1664’ (Bodleian Library, Carte MSS 44)

[xlii] R.C. Simington, The Civil Survey A.D. 1644-1656 County of  Meath (Dublin, 1940)  p. 201.

[xliii] R.C. Simington and J. MacLellan (eds.), ‘Oireachtas Library, List of Outlaws, 1641-1647’ in Analecta Hibernica No. 23 (1966) Dublin. p. 357.

[xliv] Cal. S. P. I. 1660-1662, p. 285.

[xlv] ‘The Dispossessed Landowners of Ireland, 1664’ (Bodleian Library, Carte MSS 44)

[xlvi] ‘The Dispossessed Landowners of Ireland, 1664’ (Bodleian Library, Carte MSS 44)

[xlvii] S.B. Barnwell, ‘The Barnewall Family during the Sixteenth and seventeenth Centuries’ in The Irish Genealogist Vol. 3 No 8 (1963) p. 317-20.

[xlviii] R.C. Simington and J. MacLellan (eds.), ‘Oireachtas Library, List of Outlaws, 1641-1647’ in Analecta Hibernica No. 23 (1966) Dublin. p. 359.

[xlix] J.P. Prendergast, The Cromwellian Settlement of Ireland (Dublin, 1922)  p. 115.

[l] R.C. Simington, The Transplantation to Connacht 1654-58 (Dublin, 1970)  p. 64; S. B. Barnwell, ‘The Barnewall Family during the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries’ in The Irish Genealogist Vol. 3 No 8 (1963) p. 320.

[li] J. O’Harte, The Irish and Anglo-Irish Landed Gentry when Cromwell came to Ireland (Dublin, 1884)  p. 427.

[lii] Cal. S. P. I. 1669-1670 p. 484.

[liii] ‘Qualifications of Lists furnished by Ormond whence to select nominees’. in ‘The Dispossessed Landowners of Ireland, 1664’ in The Irish Genealogist Vol. 4 no. 4 (1971)  p. 277.

[liv] S. B. Barnwell,  ‘The Barnewall Family during the Sixteenth and seventeenth Centuries’ in The Irish Genealogist Vol. 3 No 8 (1963) p. 320.

[lv] S. B. Barnwell,  ‘The Barnewall Family during the Sixteenth and seventeenth Centuries’ in The Irish Genealogist Vol. 3 No 8 (1963) p. 320.

[lvi] B. McGrath, ‘Parliament men and the Confederate Association’ in M. Ó Siochrú (ed) Kingdoms in Crisis – Ireland in the 1640s (Dublin, 2001) p. 98.

[lvii] M. Ó Siochrú, Confederate Ireland 1642-1649 A Constitutional and Political Analysis (Dublin, 1999)  p. 224.

[lviii] R.C. Simington,  The Transplantation to Connacht 1654-58 (Dublin,  1970)  p. 66.

[lix] B. McGrath, ‘Parliament men and the Confederate Association’ in M. Ó Siochrú  (ed.) Kingdoms in Crisis – Ireland in the 1640s (Dublin, 2001)  p. 102.

[lx] R.C. Simington and J. MacLellan (eds.),  ‘Oireachtas Library, List of Outlaws, 1641-1647’ in Analecta Hibernica No. 23 (Dublin, 1966) p. 359.

[lxi] ‘The Dispossessed Landowners of Ireland, 1664’ (Bodleian Library, Carte MSS 44); ‘Qualifications of Lists furnished by Ormond whence to select nominees’ in ‘The Dispossessed Landowners of Ireland, 1664’ in The Irish Genealogist Vol. 4 no. 4 (1971)  p. 279.

[lxii] British Parliamentary Papers – First report of the Commissioners on the Municipal Corporations of Ireland (1835) Report – The borough of Athboy.

[lxiii] R. Butler,  Some notices of the Castle and of the ecclesiastical buildings of Trim. (Trim, 1854) p. 279.

[lxiv] R.C. Simington, The Transplantation to Connacht 1654-58 (Dublin, 1970)  p. 102.

[lxv] ‘The Dispossessed Landowners of Ireland, 1664’ (Bodleian Library, Carte MSS 44)

[lxvi] Anon., The late Succesfull Proceedings of the army commanded by Collonel Michael Jones, in his late Expedition against the Rebels in Ireland: Wherein is set forth his severall motions, with the taking of Port Lester, the Town of Athboy, and many other places of very good use to them, and many prejudice to the Enemy. (London, 1647) p. 5.

[lxvii] R.C. Simington, The Transplantation to Connacht 1654-58 (Dublin, 1970)  p. 270.

[lxviii] ‘Qualifications of Lists furnished by Ormond whence to select nominees’in ‘The Dispossessed Landowners of Ireland, 1664’ in The Irish Genealogist Vol. 4 no. 4 (1971)  p. 279.

[lxix] ‘The Dispossessed Landowners of Ireland, 1664’ (Bodleian Library, Carte MSS 44)

[lxx] B McGrath,  ‘Meath Members of Parliament 1634-1641’ in Riocht na Midhe 2001, Vol. XII (2001) p. 95.

[lxxi] B McGrath,  ‘Meath Members of Parliament 1634-1641’ in Riocht na Midhe 2001, Vol. XII (2001) p. 95.

[lxxii] R.C. Simington and J. MacLellan (eds.), ‘Oireachtas Library, List of Outlaws, 1641-1647’ in Analecta Hibernica No. 23 (Dublin, 1966). p. 355.

[lxxiii] ‘Qualifications of Lists furnished by Ormond whence to select nominees’ in ‘The Dispossessed Landowners of Ireland, 1664’ in The Irish Genealogist Vol. 4 no. 4 (1971)  p. 279.

[lxxiv] ‘The Dispossessed Landowners of Ireland, 1664’ (Bodleian Library, Carte MSS 44)

[lxxv]  A. Clarke, The Old English in Ireland 1625-42 (Dublin, 2000)  p. 203

[lxxvi] R.C. Simington and J. MacLellan (eds.),  ‘Oireachtas Library, List of Outlaws, 1641-1647’ in Analecta Hibernica No. 23 (Dublin, 1966) p. 356.

[lxxvii] ‘Qualifications of Lists furnished by Ormond whence to select nominees’ in ‘The Dispossessed Landowners of Ireland, 1664’ in The Irish Genealogist Vol. 4 no. 4 (1971)  p. 277.

[lxxviii] R.C. Simington and J. MacLellan (eds.), ‘Oireachtas Library, List of Outlaws, 1641-1647’ in Analecta Hibernica No. 23 (Dublin, 1966) p. 359.

[lxxix] M. Ó Siochrú,  Confederate Ireland 1642-1649 A Constitutional and Political Analysis (Dublin, 1999)  p. 19.

[lxxx] R. Butler, Some notices of the Castle and of the ecclesiastical buildings of Trim. (Trim, 1854). p. 275.

[lxxxi] B McGrath, ‘Meath Members of Parliament 1634-1641’ in Riocht na Midhe, Vol. XII (2001) p. 91.

[lxxxii] R.C. Simington, The Civil Survey A.D. 1644-1656 County of  Meath (Dublin, 1940) p. 210.

[lxxxiii] R.C. Simington and J. MacLellan (eds.), ‘Oireachtas Library, List of Outlaws, 1641-1647’ in Analecta Hibernica No. 23 (Dublin, 1966) p. 358.

[lxxxiv] M. Ó Siochrú, Confederate Ireland 1642-1649 A Constitutional and Political Analysis (Dublin, 1999)  p. 20.

[lxxxv] B McGrath, ‘Meath Members of Parliament 1634-1641’ in Riocht na Midhe 2001, Vol. XII (2001) p. 92.

[lxxxvi] M. Ó Siochrú,  Confederate Ireland 1642-1649 A Constitutional and Political Analysis (Dublin, 1999)  p. 203 n.101.

78 B.F.E. Moore, ‘Tombs in St. Mary’s, Killeen’ in Riocht na Midhe 4 (1970) pp. 25-6.

[lxxxviii] B. Fitzpatrick, Seventeenth-Century Ireland: The War of Religions (Dublin, 1988)  pp.171-2

[lxxxix] R.C. Simington and J. MacLellan (eds.) ‘Oireachtas Library, List of Outlaws, 1641-1647’ in Analecta Hibernica No. 23 (Dublin, 1966) p. 356.

[xc] M. Ó Siochrú, Confederate Ireland 1642-1649 A Constitutional and Political Analysis (Dublin, 1999)  p. 225.

[xci] Cal. S. P. I. 1660-1662, p. 48.

[xcii] ‘The Dispossessed Landowners of Ireland, 1664’ (Bodleian Library, Carte MSS 44)

[xciii] ‘Qualifications of Lists furnished by Ormond whence to select nominees’in ‘The Dispossessed Landowners of Ireland, 1664’ in The Irish Genealogist Vol. 4 no. 4 (1971)  p. 277.

[xciv] ‘Court of Claims for the Trial of Innocents’ in Appendix to Nineteenth Report of the Deputy Keeper of Records (Dublin 1887)

[xcv] Cal. S. P. I.  1663-1665 p. 450-1.

[xcvi] Cal. S. P. I. 1666-1669 p. 334.

[xcvii] Cal. S. P. I. 1666-1669 p. 334-5.

[xcviii] Anon.,  Admirable, Good, True and Joyfull Newes from Ireland. Being an exact Relation of the last weekes passages in Ireland dated from Dublin May the 8. 1642 (London, 1642)  pp. 3-4

[xcix] Cal. S. P. I.  1660-1662 p. 374.

[c] ‘Gormanston Papers’ in Analecta Hibernica No. 25, (Dublin, 1967) pp. 160-1.

[ci] ‘Gormanston Papers’ in Analecta Hibernica No. 25, (Dublin, 1967) pp. 162-3, 166.

[cii] Cal. S. P. I. 1666-1669 p. 317.

[ciii] Cal. S. P. I. 1666-1669 p. 542-3.

[civ] Cal. S. P. I. 1666-1669 p. 657-8.

[cv] Patent Rolls 21 Charles II (1825) pp. 208-9.

[cvi] J.G. Simms ‘Meath Landowners in the Jacobite War’ in Riocht na Midhe Vol. II , No.4 (1962) p.55.

[cvii] L. Cox ‘The Dillons, Lords of Kilkenny West: Part Three’ in Riocht na Midhe (2002) Vol. XIII p. 61.

[cviii] L. Cox ‘The Dillons, Lords of Kilkenny West: Part Three’ in Riocht na Midhe Vol. XIII (2002) p. 65.

[cix] S. Gillespie ‘Dillon,, Wentworth, fourth earl of Roscommon (1637-1685)’ in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. (Oxford, 2004).

[cx] L. Cox ‘The Dillons, Lords of Kilkenny West: Part Three’ in Riocht na Midhe Vol. XIII (2002) p. 65.

[cxi] R.C. Simington and J. MacLellan (eds.), ‘Oireachtas Library, List of Outlaws, 1641-1647’ in Analecta Hibernica No. 23 (Dublin, 1966) p. 358.

[cxii] Anon., The late Succesfull Proceedings of the army commanded by Collonel Michael Jones, in his late Expedition against the Rebels in Ireland: Wherein is set forth his severall motions, with the taking of Port Lester, the Town of Athboy, and many other places of very good use to them, and many prejudice to the Enemy. (London, 1647). p. 4.

[cxiii] ‘A Catalogue of the reports and schedules addressed to the Second Court of Claims’, in Irish Record Commission Report viii (Dublin, 1819) p. 283.

[cxiv] Burke’s Irish Family Records (London, 1967)  p. 872.

[cxv] J. O’Harte,  The Irish and Anglo-Irish Landed Gentry when Cromwell came to Ireland  (Dublin, 1884)  p. 320.

[cxvi] ‘Court of Claims for the Trial of Innocents’ in Appendix to Nineteenth Report of the Deputy Keeper of Records (Dublin 1887)

[cxvii] Burke’s Irish Family Records (London, 1967)  p. 872.

[cxviii] R.C. Simington, The Civil Survey A.D. 1644-1656 County of  Meath (Dublin,1940)  p. 202.

[cxix] F.J. Aylemer, The Aylmers of Ireland (London, 1931)  p. 128.

[cxx] F.J. Aylemer, The Aylmers of Ireland (London, 1931)  p. 130.

[cxxi] Cal. S. P. I. 1660-1662 p. 39.

[cxxii] F.J. Aylmer,  The Aylmers of Ireland (London, 1931)  p. 131.

[cxxiii] Cal. S. P. I. 1666-1669 p. 41; J. O’Harte The Irish and Anglo-Irish Landed Gentry when Cromwell came to Ireland  (Dublin, 1884)  p. 496.

[cxxiv] F.J. Aylmer, The Aylmers of Ireland (London, 1931)  p. 132.

[cxxv] R.C. Simington, The Civil Survey A.D. 1644-1656 County of  Meath (Dublin, 1940)  p. 210.

[cxxvi] Books of Survey and Distribution Meath County Lune Barony National Archives of Ireland, Dublin. (Quit Rents Copy)

[cxxvii] Books of Survey and Distribution Meath County Lune Barony National Archives of Ireland, Dublin. (Quit Rents Copy)

[cxxviii] Books of Survey and Distribution Meath County Lune Barony National Archives of Ireland, Dublin. (Quit Rents Copy)

[cxxix] Statutes of the Realm 16 Car. I., c. 33.

[cxxx] K.S. Bottigheimer, English Money and Irish Land – The ‘Adventurers’ in the Cromwellian Settlement of Ireland. (Oxford, 1971)  pp. 56-7.

[cxxxi] K.S. Bottigheimer, English Money and Irish Land – The ‘Adventurers’ in the Cromwellian Settlement of Ireland. (Oxford, 1971)  p. 64.

[cxxxii] K.S. Bottigheimer,  English Money and Irish Land – The ‘Adventurers’ in the Cromwellian Settlement of Ireland. (Oxford, 1971)  p. 67.

[cxxxiii] Cal. S. P. I. 1660-1662 p. 289; A. Clarke ‘Jones, Sir Theophilus’ in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. (Oxford, 2004).

[cxxxiv] E. Wingfield-Stratford, The Lords of Cobham Hall (London, 1959) p. 27.

[cxxxv] J.P. Prendergast, The Cromwellian Settlement of Ireland (Dublin, 1875) p. 94.

[cxxxvi] Cal. S. P. I. 1649-1659 p. 343.

[cxxxvii] M. MacCurtain Tudor and Stuart Ireland (Dublin 1972) p. 161

[cxxxviii] L.J. Arnold ‘The Irish court of claims of 1663’ in Irish Historical Studies Vol. XXIV No. 96 (Dublin, 1985) p. 418.

[cxxxix] K.S. Bottigheimer, ‘The restoration land settlement in Ireland: a structural view’ in Irish Historical Studies Vol. XVIII No. 69 (Dublin, 1972) p.10-11

[cxl] J.G. Simms,  ‘Meath Landowners in the Jacobite War’ in Riocht na Midhe Vol. II , No. 4 (1962) p. 55.

[cxli] Patent Rolls 21 Charles II (1825) p. 187.

[cxlii] Anon.,  Admirable, Good, True and Joyfull Newes from Ireland. Being an exact Relation of the last weekes passages in Ireland dated from Dublin May the 8. 1642 (London, 1642)  p. 4.

[cxliii] Anon, A bloody fight at Balrud-Derry in Ireland: where Sir Henry Titchburne was shot in the belly, his Sonne slain, Colonel Trevor, and divers Officers and Gentlemen killed, others taken prisoner. (London, 1647)  p. 2

[cxliv] Cal. S. P. I. 1642-1659 p. 29.

[cxlv] R.C. Simington, ‘The Office of the General registrar to Courts of Claims A.D. 1661-1669’ in Analecta Hibernicia No. 16 (Dublin, 1946) p. 384.

[cxlvi] Cal. S. P. I. 1660-1662 p. 141.

[cxlvii] ‘A Catalogue of the reports and schedules addressed to the Second Court of Claims’, in Irish Record Commission Report viii (Dublin, 1819) p. 294.

[cxlviii] C. Casey and A. Rowan, The Buildings of Ireland – North Leinster (London 1993) p. 155.

[cxlix] C. Casey and A. Rowan, The Buildings of Ireland – North Leinster (London 1993) p. 155

[cl] J.P. Prendergast,  The Cromwellian Settlement of Ireland (Dublin, 1875) p. 429.

[cli] ‘A Catalogue of the reports and schedules addressed to the Second Court of Claims’, in Irish Record Commission Report viii (Dublin, 1819) p. 293.

[clii] Patent Rolls 19 Charles II (1825) p. 159.

[cliii] J. O’Harte,  The Irish and Anglo-Irish Landed Gentry when Cromwell came to Ireland (Dublin, 1884) p. 414, J.P. Prendergast, The Cromwellian Settlement of Ireland (Dublin, 1875) p. 409.

[cliv] ‘A Catalogue of the reports and schedules addressed to the Second Court of Claims’, in Irish Record Commission Report viii (Dublin, 1819) p. 269.

[clv] Patent Rolls 19 Charles II (1825) p. 116.

[clvi] Cal. S. P. I. 1647-1660 p. 398.

[clvii] J. O’Harte, The Irish and Anglo-Irish Landed Gentry when Cromwell came to Ireland (Dublin, 1884)  p. 422.

[clviii] ‘Adventurers who Drew Irish Land’ in K.S. Bottigheimer, English Money and Irish Land – The ‘Adventurers’ in the Cromwellian Settlement of Ireland. (Oxford, 1971)  p. 211; J.P. Prendergast,  The Cromwellian Settlement of Ireland (Dublin, 1875) p. 432.

[clix] ‘A Catalogue of the reports and schedules addressed to the Second Court of Claims’, in Irish Record Commission Report viii (Dublin, 1819) p. 294.

[clx] Patent Rolls 18 Charles II (1825) p. 78.

[clxi] ‘Adventurers who Drew Irish Land’ in K.S. Bottigheimer, English Money and Irish Land – The ‘Adventurers’ in the Cromwellian Settlement of Ireland. (Oxford, 1971) p. 205

[clxii] ‘A Catalogue of the reports and schedules addressed to the Second Court of Claims’, in Irish Record Commission Report viii (Dublin, 1819) p. 274.

[clxiii] Patent Rolls 18 Charles II (1825) p. 85.

[clxiv] E. Wingfield-Stratford, The Lords of Cobham Hall (London, 1959)  p. 24.

[clxv] Cal. S. P. I  1649-1659 p. 11.

[clxvi] Cal. S. P. I  1649-1659 p. 146.

[clxvii] Cal. S. P. I. 1642-1659 p. 67.

[clxviii] ‘Adventurers who Drew Irish Land’ in K.S. Bottigheimer English Money and Irish Land – The ‘Adventurers’ in the Cromwellian Settlement of Ireland. (Oxford, 1971)  p. 207.

[clxix] Cal. S. P. I. 1642-1659 p. 245.

[clxx] E. Wingfield-Stratford, The Lords of Cobham Hall (London, 1959)  p. 29.

[clxxi] ‘A Catalogue of the reports and schedules addressed to the Second Court of Claims’, in Irish Record Commission Report viii (Dublin, 1819) p. 281.

[clxxii] Patent Rolls 20 Charles II (1825) p. 147.

[clxxiii] E. Wingfield-Stratford, The Lords of Cobham Hall (London, 1959)  p. 28.

[clxxiv] Cal. S. P. I  1649-1659 p. 68.

[clxxv] E. Wingfield-Stratford, The Lords of Cobham Hall (London, 1959) p. 29.

[clxxvi] K.S. Bottigheimer English Money and Irish Land – The ‘Adventurers’ in the Cromwellian Settlement of Ireland ( Oxford, 1971)  p. 151.

[clxxvii] ‘Adventurers who Drew Irish Land’ in K.S. Bottigheimer English Money and Irish Land – The ‘Adventurers’ in the Cromwellian Settlement of Ireland (Oxford, 1971)  p. 199.

[clxxviii] Anon., Trim Its Ecclesiastical Ruins, Its Castle etc. (Dublin, 1886)  p. 21.

[clxxix] R. Butler,  Some notices of the Castle and of the ecclesiastical buildings of Trim. (Trim, 1854) p. 279.

[clxxx] Anon., Trim Its Ecclesiastical Ruins, Its Castle etc. (Dublin, 1886)  pp. 21-2.

[clxxxi] Patent Rolls 20 Charles II (1825) p. 172; E. Wingfield-Stratford, The Lords of Cobham Hall (London, 1959) p. 34; Anon., Trim Its Ecclesiastical Ruins, Its Castle etc. (Dublin, 1886) p. 21.

[clxxxii] Marriage Licence bonds National Archives of Ireland 1682; P.R.O.N.I. The Rossmore Papers T/2929 1

[clxxxiii] Patent Rolls 21 Charles II (1825) p. 198.

[clxxxiv] J.G. Simms, ‘Meath Landowners in the Jacobite War’ in Riocht na Midhe Vol. II , No.4 (1962) pp. 57-8.

[clxxxv] Calendar of State Papers, Domestic Series William and Mary 1694-1695 (1906) W.J. Hardy (ed.) London, Jan. 13 1694 p. 6; S. Lewis A Topographical Dictionary of Ireland (London, 1837)  p. 82;  Anon., Trim Its Ecclesiastical Ruins, Its Castle etc. (Dublin, 1886)  pp.22-3; British Parliamentary Papers – First report of the Commissioners on the Municipal Corporations of Ireland (1835) Report – The borough of Athboy.

[clxxxvi] R. Butler, Some notices of the Castle and of the ecclesiastical buildings of Trim. (Trim, 1854) p. 184.

[clxxxvii] E. Wingfield-Stratford, The Lords of Cobham Hall (London, 1959) p. 11.

[clxxxviii] Anon., Trim Its Ecclesiastical Ruins, Its Castle etc. (Dublin, 1886) p. 23.

[clxxxix] Burkes Peerage (1976) Burke’s Irish Family Records p. 965.

[cxc] R. Butler, Some notices of the Castle and of the ecclesiastical buildings of Trim. (Trim, 1854). p. 283.

[cxci] Patent Rolls 18 Charles II (1825) p. 70.

[cxcii] ‘Adventurers who Drew Irish Land’ in K.S. Bottigheimer, English Money and Irish Land – The ‘Adventurers’ in the Cromwellian Settlement of Ireland. (Oxford, 1971) p. 200.

[cxciii] Patent Rolls 18 Charles II (1825) p. 98.

[cxciv] Patent Rolls 21 Charles II (1825) p. 218.

[cxcv] ‘Adventurers who Drew Irish Land’ in K.S. Bottigheimer, English Money and Irish Land – The ‘Adventurers’ in the Cromwellian Settlement of Ireland. (Oxford, 1971) p. 203.

[cxcvi] W.N. Sainsbury (ed.) Calender of State Papers, Colonial Series (Vol. 7), America and West Indies, 1669-1674. (London, 1889)  pp. 496-7.

[cxcvii] Patent Rolls 21 Charles II (1825) p. 208.

[cxcviii] ‘Adventurers who Drew Irish Land’ in K.S. Bottigheimer, English Money and Irish Land – The ‘Adventurers’ in the Cromwellian Settlement of Ireland. (Oxford, 1971) p. 203.

[cxcix] ‘A Catalogue of the reports and schedules addressed to the Second Court of Claims’, in Irish Record Commission Report viii (Dublin, 1819) p. 270.

[cc] Patent Rolls 20 Charles II (1825) p. 181.

[cci] A.W.M. Kerr, An Ironside of Ireland, the Remarkable Career of Lieut.-General Michael Jones. Governor of Dublin and Commander of the Parliamentary Forces in Leinster 1647-1649 (London, n.d c. 20^th century)  p. 29.

[ccii] A. W. M. Kerr,  An Ironside of Ireland, the Remarkable Career of Lieut.-General Michael Jones. Governor of Dublin and Commander of the Parliamentary Forces in Leinster 1647-1649 (London, n.d c. 20^th century)  p. 119.

[cciii] T. Reilly,  Cromwell an Honourable Enemy (Dingle, 1999)  p. 244.

[cciv] Cal. S. P. I. 1660-1662 p. 141-2.

[ccv] Cal. S. P. I. 1660-1662 p. 237.

[ccvi] R. Butler, Some notices of the Castle and of the ecclesiastical buildings of Trim. (Trim, 1854). p. 275.

[ccvii] Cal. S. P. I. 1660-62, p. 188-9

[ccviii] W. Fitzgerald ‘Miscellanea’ in Journal of the Co. Kildare Archaeological Society (1899-1902) p. 483.

[ccix] Patent Rolls 21 Charles II (1825) p. 208.

[ccx] Anon., A bloody fight at Balrud-Derry in Ireland: where Sir Henry Titchburne was shot in the belly, his Sonne slain, Colonel Trevor, and divers Officers and Gentlemen killed, others taken prisoner. (London, 1647)  p.6

[ccxi] ‘Adventurers who Drew Irish Land’ in K.S. Bottigheimer English Money and Irish Land – The ‘Adventurers’ in the Cromwellian Settlement of Ireland. (Oxford, 1971)  p. 211.

[ccxii] House of Commons Journal Vol. 5; 24 March 1648; House of Lords Journal Vol. 10; 27 March 1648.

[ccxiii] ‘A Catalogue of the reports and schedules addressed to the Second Court of Claims’, in Irish Record Commission Report viii (Dublin, 1819) p. 295.

[ccxiv] Patent Rolls 19 Charles II (1825) p. 167.

[ccxv] ‘A Catalogue of the reports and schedules addressed to the Second Court of Claims’, in Irish Record Commission Report viii (Dublin, 1819) p. 293.

[ccxvi] Patent Rolls 26 Charles II (1825) p. 231.

[ccxvii] Patent Rolls 21 Charles II (1825) p. 206.

[ccxviii] Patent Rolls 19 Charles II (1825) pp. 145-6.